S-10 (Georgia)

S10
საერთაშორისო 10
Gori-Tskhinvali-Gupta-Java-Roki
Route information
Length	92.5 km (57.5 mi)
Existed	1996–present
Major junctions
South end	Gori
Major intersections	Sokhumi / Tbilisi () Roadblock South Ossetia ABL Sh25 Kvaisa
North end	Russian border (Roki)
Location
Georgia
Municipalities	Gori, Java
Major cities	Gori, Tskhinvali
Highway system
Roads in Georgia International Routes National Routes
← ს 9 → ს 11

The S11 route (Georgian: საერთაშორისო მნიშვნელობის გზა ს10, Saertashoriso mnishvnelobis gza S10, road of international importance S10), also known as "Gori-Tskhinvali-Gupta-Java-Roki (Russian border)", is a 92.5 kilometers (57.5 mi) long "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network. Roughly two-third of the highway is located in the Russian-occupied South Ossetia region and passage is blocked just South from the South Ossetian administrative capital Tskhinvali.

The highway begins in the centre of Gori and leads via Tskhinvali to the Russian border at the Roki Tunnel, where the road reaches its highest point of 2,112 m (6,929 ft) above sea level. The road is often referred to as Transkam or Transcaucasian Highway. It is not part of European or Asian international highway routes.

History

The current route S10 was divided over different routes within the Soviet road network classification introduced in 1982. The Gori-Tskhinvali-Java segment was part of the R-2 route that continued via Kvaisa until Oni, while the Java-Roki segment of today's S10 was designated R-24 when the Roki Tunnel opened in 1984. On the Russian SFSR side of the Roki Tunnel the Transkam Highway, which was finished in 1986, continued as R-297 to Alagir. Prior to the 1980s the route of today's S10 was unnumbered as was the case with most Soviet roads.

In 1996 the current Georgian classification system was adopted and the "roads of international importance" was introduced as its highest class with the letter S and the "S10 Gori-Tskhinvali-Gupta-Java-Roki (Russian border)" replaced the old designations.

Roki Tunnel

South portal Roki Tunnel

Before the tunnel through the Roki Pass opened in November 1984, there was no direct road from the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of the Georgian Soviet Republic to the North Ossetian Autonomous SSR of the Russian SFSR. At most there was a dirt track after an abandoned attempt in the 19th century to build a road. Instead, the Ossetian Military Road via the Mamison Pass was constructed in the 19th century which was the shortest option until 1984 to reach South Ossetia by road from the north, besides the Georgian Military Road via Kazbegi. Despite its name, the Ossetian Military Road did not provide a direct connection to South Ossetia, but skirted its northwestern borderlands.

The lack of direct connections between the Ossetian communities on either side of the mountains triggered the Ossetian autonomous authorities to campaign with the respective Soviet authorities for a railroad and later a road through the mountains. After a last attempt in the late 1940s for a railroad connection through the Dzomag (Magsky) Pass, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Roki, and various geological and design studies into a road connection, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union decreed in 1971 a road connection through Roki. Upgrading the existing Mamison route with a tunnel was part of earlier surveys, but despite being geologically more advantageous this was dismissed in favor of the Roki variant which required a shorter tunnel.

Georgian Soviet authorities had long attempted to prevent a direct rail or road connection between the South Ossetian oblast and the North Ossetian republic, fearing nationalist unity, but eventually had to succumb to Moscow. The scope was to build a road that would be open year-round. Both the Ossetian and Georgian Military Roads were sensitive to snowdrift leading to seasonal closures. The Roki tunnel opened in 1984 and was the longest within the Soviet Union upon its commissioning with a length of 3,730 m (2.32 mi). The Transkam Highway was completely finished in 1986.

Route description

S10 in Gori

S10 through Karaleti village

De facto terminus S10 at Ergneti

The S10 highway begins in the city of Gori at an elevation of 600 m (2,000 ft) above sea level and goes to the Russian border in the Caucasus Mountains at an elevation of more than 2,100 m (6,900 ft). The landscape is flat with a slight incline towards the north until the de facto South Ossetian border, reaching an elevation of 850 m (2,790 ft) at the conflict line near Tskhinvali. Beyond Tskhinvali the route enters the Greater Caucasus mountain range and follows the Liakhvi river and its upper tributaries to the highest regions of the road. The route enters Russia via the Roki Tunnel.

Gori - Ergneti

Starting in the centre of Gori the S10 runs from the Gori Fortress northbound out of town towards the S1. This highway provides a motorway connection to Tbilisi and the western parts of Georgia. Passing underneath the motorway the S10 runs in a straight line through the flat agricultural land towards Karaleti village, parallel to the Liakhvi river at a distance of a few kilometers. Even though the road is closed for through traffic into Tskhinvali and South Ossetia, it has importance for the area just south of it with many Georgian communities dotted near the occupation line. Just north from the village of Ergneti a roadblock at the occupation line prevents further travel, from either side. Since the 2008 Russo-Georgian war the site is used for conflict resolution meetings and the exchange of detainees through the mediation of international actors.

Tskhinvali - Roki

1929 Guftinsky Bridge

Junction to Kvaisi

Final climb to Roki Tunnel

South Ossetia's administrative capital and only city Tskhinvali is located directly north from the occupation line. In South Ossetia the S10 highway is referred to as "Transkam Highway" and is literally the lifeline of the self-declared republic. The Transkam Highway is the only regular road in and out of the region as South Ossetian authorities keep crossing points to Tbilisi controlled Georgia closed for ordinary traffic. From the roadblock at Ergneti the road continues north along the Liakhvi river and circumvents the centre of Tskhinvali. After crossing the Liakhvi River the road heads north out of town and after 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) it reaches the small settlement Gupta. Here is the junction with the Sh25 road to Kvaisi, a former lead-zinc mining town.

This point is also the confluence of the Liakhvi and Patsa rivers and has one of the few highway highlights. The landmark 1929 Guftinsky bridge across the Patsa River is not in use anymore but is visible from the 1980s steel-concrete bridge which was built for the Transkam Highway. The old arched bridge with a length of 72 meters (236 ft) and a height of 22 meters (72 ft) was unprecedented at the time in Transcaucasia. The bridge was engineered with German assistance and constructed in a record time of 10 months for the original road to Kvaisi and Oni.

The Transkam Highway continues from there alongside the Liakhvi River, passing the town of Java and other small settlements through forested river gorge. The road eventually reaches Lower Roki from where the road climbs to the Roki Tunnel. In winter the upper parts of the highway are frequently closed for short periods due to heavy snow. After crossing the Russian border the road continues as A164 highway to Alagir and the R217 "Caucasus Highway".

Intersections

The entire route is in Shida Kartli region. Most of the route is located in breakaway South Ossetia and is inaccessible from Georgian controlled territory with a roadblock north of Ergneti village 

Municipality	km	mi		Destinations	Route	Notes
Gori	4	2.5		Tbilisi Sokhumi	() ()	Highway to via Zugdidi and Sokhumi
	10	6.2	Crosses Charebula River
	14	8.7		Dzevera
	23	14	Crosses Little Liakhvi River
	24	15		Ditsi
	30	19	Ergneti roadblock. No passage.
	De facto border South Ossetia
	32	20		Akhalgori
	33	21	Crosses Liakhvi River
Java	49	30		Kvaisi
			Crosses Patsa River (200 m)
	56	35	Crosses Liakhvi River
	58	36	Crosses Gudisistskali River
	62	39	Crosses Liakhvi River
	77	48	Tunnel (130 m)
	78	48	Crosses Somikhdoni River
	89	55	Tunnel (360 m)
	90	56	Roki Tunnel (3730 m)
	92	57	Russian border. Road continues as Russian highway to Alagir
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

External links

• Media related to S-10 (Georgia) at Wikimedia Commons