Spaghetti Junction (Birmingham)
| Gravelly Hill Interchange | |
|---|---|
| |
 Gravelly Hill Interchange from the south east | |
| Location | |
| Birmingham, England | |
| Coordinates | 52°30′40″N 1°51′58″W / 52.511°N 1.866°W |
| Roads at junction | |
| Construction | |
| Type | Free-flow interchange |
| Constructed | by A. Monk Ltd |
| Opened | 24 May 1972 |
| Maintained by | National Highways |
Spaghetti Junction, officially the Gravelly Hill Interchange, is a major road junction in Birmingham, England. It is junction 6 of the M6 motorway where it meets the A38(M) Aston Expressway in the Gravelly Hill area of Birmingham. The interchange was opened on 24 May 1972.[1]
Background
The asymmetrical junction provides access to and from the A38 (Tyburn Road), A38(M) (Aston Expressway), the A5127 (Lichfield Road/Gravelly Hill), and several unclassified local roads.[2][3] It covers 30 acres (12 ha),[4] serves 18 routes and includes 4 km (2.5 mi) of slip roads, but only 1 km (0.6 mi) of the M6 itself. Across five different levels, it has 559 concrete columns, reaching up to 24.4 m (80 ft). The engineers had to elevate 21.7 km (13.5 mi) of motorway to accommodate two railway lines, three canals and two rivers.
In 1958, the Ministry of Transport commissioned the engineering firm Sir Owen Williams & Partners to investigate possible routes to connect the M6, the A38(M) and the A38 trunk road.[5]
The interchange's colloquial name, "Spaghetti Junction", was coined in 1965 by journalists from the Birmingham Evening Mail. On 1 June 1965, reporter Roy Smith described plans for the then unbuilt junction as a "cross between a plate of spaghetti and an unsuccessful attempt at a Staffordshire knot" and sub-editor Alan Eaglesfield headlined the article "Spaghetti Junction".[4][6] The name would later be given to other complex road junctions around the world. The student magazine of Birmingham City University, Spaghetti Junction, took its name from the interchange's nickname, before being rebranded as Polygon.[7]
Construction
The development of the interchange was approved and announced in August 1968 by the then Minister of Transport, Richard Marsh. Construction was expected to take three years and to cost £8m.[8] The contract was given to A. Monk Ltd, of Padgate, for £8,183,790 in August 1968. Work started in September 1968 on the 30-acre junction. Monk were also building part of the M3.[9]
The work was led by chief engineer Roy Foot.[10] There were a number of objections and protests over the interchange, particularly a campaign to "save our fish" to relocate a quarter of a million fish from a pool that would be removed as part of the engineering work.[4] One stipulation in construction was that the canal towpaths running underneath the junction need to retain sufficient clearance to allow the passage of horse-drawn narrowboats.[10] Work was mostly complete by May 1970, and attracted attention of local residents. By the following September, several motorists were found to have been driving illegally along it, and children had found it a useful shortcut to school. In early 1972, Viking Motors ran a return service from Burton-on-Trent to the interchange for 65p return.[10]
The junction was opened on 24 May 1972 by the then Secretary of State for the Environment, Peter Walker.[11][12] The opening was delayed by several months because of "box girder inspections".[13] These followed the interim report of the Merrison Enquiry set up following the collapse of similar box girder bridges in Australia and Wales.[14] Birmingham City Council saw the junction as a potential opportunity to attract visitors to the city, and proposed a Grand Prix involving the interchange.[2]
The junction has undergone major repair work several times since, owing to the very heavy traffic through the junction and cost-saving measures during its construction.[15] In November 2007, a slip road running from the Tyburn Road onto the Aston Expressway was closed for urgent repairs. Upon inspection, it was found that Spaghetti Junction itself was in need of repair, because salt and grit had weakened the joints in the structure.[16] By 2009, it was estimated that 1.25 billion vehicles had travelled through the junction, and although structural defects had been found, the overall structure was stable enough to continue carrying traffic.[17]
South-east of the junction, the M6 is on the elevated Bromford Viaduct – the longest viaduct in the UK.[18]
Co-located junctions
Underneath the motorway junction are the meeting points of local roads, the River Tame's confluences with the River Rea and Hockley Brook, the Cross-City and Walsall railway lines and Salford Junction, where the Grand Union Canal, Birmingham and Fazeley Canal and Tame Valley Canal meet.
Cultural references
Gravelly Hill Interchange appears in the 1973 Cliff Richard musical film Take Me High, where he plays a banker living on a barge on Gas Street Basin.[10] Ken Dodd called the junction "the eighth wonder of the world", because "you get on and wonder how to get off".[2]
The National Lottery-based show Winning Lines featured a trip to Spaghetti Junction as a booby prize.[19]
In 2022, for the 50th anniversary of the opening of Spaghetti Junction, Heinz released a limited edition of their tinned spaghetti featuring the interchange on the tin.[20][21]
The under side of Spaghetti Junction was used for the homeless camp/stacks in Steven Spielberg's 2018 film Ready Player One.[22]
See also
- Transport in Birmingham
- List of road junctions in the United Kingdom
- Other Spaghetti Junctions
- Worsley Braided Interchange
References
- ^ "Spaghetti Junction at 50: What lies beneath?". BBC News. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Moran 2009, p. 47.
- ^ "Spaghetti Junction, Birmingham, West Midlands". Historic England. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ a b c Moran 2009, p. 45.
- ^ "BBC - Legacies - Architectural Heritage - England - Birmingham - Dad, are we nearly there yet? - Article Page 1".
- ^ Elkes, Neil (16 May 2012). "Birmingham Mail's role in creating Spaghetti Junction legend". Birmingham Mail. Birmingham. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ^ "Polygon". Birmingham City Students' Union. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "£20m Motorway links for Midlands". The Times. London. 20 August 1968. p. 2.
- ^ Birmingham Daily Post Tuesday 20 August 1968, page 14
- ^ a b c d Moran 2009, p. 46.
- ^ "Spaghetti Junction-the gateway to London". The Times. 25 May 1972. p. 2.
- ^ "Forty facts for forty years of the Spaghetti Junction". ITV. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Charles Bulmer, ed. (19 February 1972). "On the road". Motor: 48.
- ^ "M1 box-girder viaduct to be strengthened". The Times. 24 November 1971. p. 2.
- ^ "The Motorway Archive; Midland Links Motorways". The Motorway Archive. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ "Urgent fix for Spaghetti Junction". BBC News. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ Moran 2009, p. 50.
- ^ "Five longest bridges in the United Kingdom". Thor Technology. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Moran 2009, p. 6.
- ^ Leach, Harry (2022-05-23). "Scramble for tins of Heinz spaghetti to mark Spaghetti Junction's 50th birthday". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
- ^ "Heinz Limited Edition Spaghetti Junction". Heinz to Home. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
- ^ "Filming Locations for Ready Player One (2018), in London and Birmingham".
- Moran, Joe (2009). On Roads. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-052-6.
External links
