G4218 Ya'an–Kargilik Expressway
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Ya'an–Kargilik Expressway | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 雅安－叶城高速公路 (Chinese) | ||||
| Yaye Expressway 雅叶高速 | ||||
| Route information | ||||
| Auxiliary route of G42 | ||||
| Length | 1,975.508 km (1,227.524 mi) | |||
| Major junctions | ||||
| East end |  G93 in Yucheng District, Ya'an | |||
| ||||
| West end |  G3012 in Yecheng, Hotan | |||
| Ya'an-Kangding | ||||
| Length | 130.130 km (80.859 mi) | |||
| East end | G93 in Yucheng District, Ya'an | |||
| West end |  G318 in Kangding | |||
| Kangding Bypass | ||||
| Length | 17.893 km (11.118 mi) | |||
| East end | Dongshenghang, Kangding | |||
| West end | Yulin New Town, Kangding | |||
| Kangding-Xinduqiao | ||||
| Length | 79.2 km (49.2 mi) | |||
| East end | Yulin New Town, Kangding | |||
| West end | G318 in Dong'eluosan village, Xinduqiao Township | |||
| Xinduqiao-Nyingchi | ||||
| Length | 1,260 km (780 mi) | |||
| East end | Xinduqiao Township | |||
| West end | Nyingchi | |||
| Nyingchi-Lhasa High-Standard Highway | ||||
| Length | 409.2 km (254.3 mi) | |||
| East end | G318 in Bayi District, Nyingchi | |||
| West end | G318 in Chengguan District, Lhasa | |||
| G0602 Lhasa Ring Expressway | ||||
| Lhasa-Xigazê Peace Airport | ||||
| Length | 29 km (18 mi) | |||
| East end | Shiji Avenue, Lhasa | |||
| West end |  Tibet S1 (Gonggar Airport Express) Xierong Interchange, Qüxü County, Lhasa | |||
| Xigazê Airport Expressway | ||||
| Length | 166.976 km (103.754 mi) | |||
| East end | Tibet S1 (Gonggar Airport Express) Xierong Interchange, Qüxü County, Lhasa | |||
| West end | G318 Xigazê Peace Airport | |||
| Xigazê-Xinjiang border | ||||
| Length | 40.404 km (25.106 mi) | |||
| East end | G318 Xigazê Peace Airport | |||
| West end | G318 Samzhubzê District, Xigazê | |||
| Xinjiang section | ||||
| Length | 705 km (438 mi) | |||
| East end | Jieshan Daban | |||
| West end | G3012 in Yecheng, Hotan | |||
| Location | ||||
| Country | China | |||
| Highway system | ||||
| ||||
The G4218 Ya'an-Yecheng Expressway (Chinese: 雅安－叶城高速公路), commonly referred to as the Yaye Expressway (Chinese: 雅叶高速), is an expressway that will traverse the entirety of Tibet and link Ya'an in Sichuan to Yecheng in Xinjiang.
Description
In a unique case for a spur route, when fully completed, its length will be over 4,000 km (1975.508 km between Ya'an and Qüxü alone), much longer than the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway itself, making it the only spur route in the world to be longer than twice its principal route, the longest spur route in the world, and the second-longest route in the entire NTHS system. The longest national spur route outside China is NH 1A (India) at 663 km, while the G0612 Xining–Hotan Expressway will become the second-longest spur route at roughly 2,400 km.
It's also exceptionally important for a spur route, as it traverses all of Tibet, and without it the entire prefectures of Garzê, Nyingchi, Shannan (via G4219), Xigazê and Ngari wouldn't connect to the NTHS system at all. It is practically an extension of G42, but shares its last two digits with the culturally prestigious[1] China National Highway 318, which parallels it for the Ya'an-Lhatse section, and which in turn is part of AH 42.
Moreover, it does not even connect to G42: the Chengdu-Ya'an section of G5/G93 links them, and together they will create an uninterrupted, non-detouring domestic drive between Shanghai and Kargilik that is over 6,000 km long.
Right now, it has yet to be completed, and only the Ya'an-Kangding section is currently linked to the system, which is currently only 135 km in length. The Qüxü-Lhasa and Lhasa-Nyingchi sections are completed but isolated from the rest of the network.
Background
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference conducted research in 2015 showing that despite 60 years of efforts that changed the primitive transportation methods in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, infrastructure is still lacking:
We have good mountains, good forests, good people, but bad roads... ...The highway/railway/airport density in the Tibetan Autonomous region is still far below the national average, the Tibetan areas of Sichuan have no railways, the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is the only prefecture without First-class highways and completed expressways in Sichuan Province...
— Officials and commoners along the Sichuan-Tibet corridors, as recorded by CPPCC in 2015, [2]
It is considered impractical to construct all sections of the Sichuan-Tibet expressways and railway all at once.[2]
Construction
The following words were used to solely describe the Ya'an-Kangding section, but any section east of Nyingchi and west of Xigazê won't be much easier:
Constructing this section is nothing but climbing the Mount Everest of expressway construction. If we can solve the various technical problems regarding this, we would be more than capable to easily handle any other expressway project anywhere else.
— Involved experts after a comprehensive survey, [3]
The Ya'an-Kangding section alone climbs 2,000 m of altitude over its 130 km route. The Ya'an-Xichang expressway earned the nickname of "the ladder to heaven" for its steepness, but it still pales in comparison to this section. It's considered at least "extreme on five aspects", namely geography, geology (the region not only being prone to earthquakes, but also difficult to tunnel through), climate, ecology, and engineering challenge. Some people in charge of construction reportedly reacted with disbelief upon first seeing the detailed plan.
The Kangding Bypass section encountered hundreds of rock bursts that affected the safety of the project. Paomashan Tunnel 1 couldn't be constructed as a straight line for not even tunneling straight through mountains could bring steepness down to NTHS expressway standards, having a 220m difference in altitude between its entrance and exit.[4]
Details of people documenting the difficulties encountered in the construction of G4218 is widely available in Chinese but not in other languages.[5] The Lhasa-Nyingchi section has a projected cost of CN¥92 million/km, and for the Kangding-Xinduqiao section the figure is CN¥192 million/km, which is equivalent to US$72 million/mile (PPP, rather than nominal exchange rates), compared to the usual maximum US$9 million/mile for rural expressways.
| Constructing costs of G42 and its auxiliaries (figures with ~ are estimates) (all costs are in CN¥100 million) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NTHS number | Section | Length (km) | Projected Cost | Cost per km | Notes |
| G42 | Shanghai-Chengdu | 1,960 | ~3,000 | ~1.53 | CN¥1,700 million excluding upgrades and adjusted for inflation. |
| G4201 | Wuhan Loop | 188 | ~100 | ~0.53 | |
| G4202 | Chengdu Loop | 85 | ~50 | ~0.59 | |
| G4211 | Nanjing-Wuhu | 74 | ~100 | ~1.35 | CN¥71 million used for upgrades from 4 to 8 lanes. |
| G4212 | Hefei-Anqing | 171 | ~150 | ~0.88 | Including sections later designated G3 and G50. |
| G4213 | Macheng-Hong'an | 25 | 25 | 1.0 | |
| Hong'an-Dawu | 57 | 25 | 0.439 | ||
| Dawu-Baokang | 546 | ~600 | ~1.10 | ||
| Full length G4213 | ~628 | ~650 | ~1.04 | ||
| G4215 | Chengdu-Chishui | 308 | 198 | 0.643 | |
| Chishui-Renhuai | 157 | 143 | 0.911 | ||
| Renhuai-Zunyi | 36 | 24 | 0.667 | ||
| Full length G4215 | 501 | 365 | 0.729 | ||
| G4216 | Chengdu-Renshou | 71 | n/a | n/a | Cost already accounted for, as it's part of the Chengdu-Chishui section of G4215. |
| Renshou-Manjing | 6.6 | ~5 | ~0.76 | Part of Sichuan Expressway S40 | |
| Manjing-Xinshizhen, Yibin | ~165 | 222 | ~1.35 | ||
| Xinshizhen, Yibin-Panzhihua | 429 | 826 | 1.925 | 452km including branch access roads Considered the most expensive single-section contract in road construction in China[6] | |
| Panzhihua-Shilongba | ~51 | 55 | ~1.08 | ||
| Shilongba-Lijiang | ~142 | 303 | ~2.13 | ||
| Full length G4216 | ~865 | 1,411 | ~1.63 | ||
| G4217 | Chengdu-Dujiangyan | 36 | ~20 | 0.556 | |
| Dujiangyan-Wenchuan | 72 | ~80 | 1.111 | CN¥32 million discounting upgrades, before adjusted for inflation | |
| Wenchuan-Barkam | 172 | 287 | 1.669 | ||
| Barkam-Qamdo | ~720 | ~1,600 | ~2.2 | ||
| Full length G4217 | ~1,000 | ~1,987 | ~1.99 | ||
| G4218 | Ya'an-Kangding | 130.130 | 230 | 1.767 | [7]135km including Kangding city access |
| Kangding Bypass | 17.893 | 32 | 1.788 | [8][4] | |
| Kangding-Xinduqiao | 79.2 | 152 | 1.919 | [9] | |
| Xinduqiao-Nyingchi | ~1,260 | ~2,500 | ~1.98 | ||
| Nyingchi-Lhasa | 409 | 380 | 0.929 | ||
| Lhasa Gonggar Airport Express | 29.6 | 15.9 | 0.537 | [10]37.8km if Including Xierong Interchange-Gonggar Airport | |
| Xierong Interchange-Shigatse Peace Airport | 166.976 | 286 | 1.713 | [11] | |
| Shigatse Airport Express | 40.404 | 19.21 | 0.475 | [12][13] | |
| Shigatse-Shiquanhe | ~1,500 | ~2,000 | ~2.0 | ||
| Shiquanhe-Jieshandaban | ~1,000 | ||||
| Jieshandaban-Yecheng | ~705 | ~2,000 | ~2.8 | ||
| Full length G4218 | ~4,300 | ~8,500 | ~2.0 | ||
| G4221 | Wuhan-Yingshan | 124 | 54 | 0.435 | |
| Yingshan-Yuexi | 68.5 | 48 | 0.701 | ||
| Yuexi-Fangangzhen | 64 | ~400 | ~0.73 | ||
| Fangangzhen-Lujiang | 43 | Cost already accounted for, as it's part of G4212. | |||
| Lujiang-Shijianzhen | 73 | ||||
| Shijianzhen-Shanghai | 367 | ||||
| Full length G4221 | 696.5 | ~502 | ~0.68 | ||
| Total | G42(XX) | ~10,400 | ~17,000 | ~1.63 | |
| Entire US Interstate Highway System | 77,960 | ~30,000 | ~0.38 | Nominal exchange rates | |
| ~19,000 | ~0.24 | Purchasing Power Parity | |||
| exceptionally difficult sections are in red | |||||
Ya'an-Kangding Section
135 km long, finished. This section costs CN¥23 billion for 135 km.[7] However, only 130.130 km is on the main line,[14] the rest is linking it to Kangding city center.[15]
Kangding Bypass
Under construction. Has a projected cost of CN¥3.2 billion.[8][4]
Kangding-Xinduqiao Section
Planning finished. This section has a projected cost of CN¥15.2 billion for 79 km (actual costs may be higher).[9]
Xinduqiao-Nyingchi Section
Planned.
Nyingchi-Lhasa High-Standard Highway
Finished. It has the full characteristics of an expressway, but isn't tolled. This section had a projected cost of CN¥38 billion for 409 km (actual costs may be higher).
G0602 Lhasa Ring Expressway
Long-term plan.
Lhasa Gonggar Airport Expressway
Completed in 2011.[10] The Lhasa City Center-Xierong Interchange section constitutes part of G4218.
Xierong Interchange-Xigazê Peace Airport
Under construction. 166.976 km long.[11] The section east of Qüxü has been completed and it will give a total projected length of 1975.508 km between Ya'an and Qüxü[16]
Xigazê Airport Expressway
Links the airport with the city center. 40.404 km long. [12]
Xigazê-Shiquanhe, Gar County, Ngari Prefecture
Although the Ngari Prefecture is the pole of inaccessibility of China, as of the 2035 plan, all prefectural capitals will be connected to the NTHS without exceptions,[17] meaning that this section is intended to be finished by no later than then.
Shiquanhe, Gar County-Jieshan Pass
Long-term plan.
Jieshan Pass-Yecheng
705 km long. Included in Xinjiang's plan but won't be finished before 2025.[18] The corresponding national highway section is the most dangerous and unmaintainable national standard route in the nation.
References
- ^ "中国人的景观大道——国道318全线鸟瞰图", 中国国家地理 (2006–10)
- ^ a b "全国政协"加快推动川藏大通道建设"考察综述：雪域高原 再筑天路". rmzxb.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-03-17.
- ^ "一条天路连通西南西北 百公里路建设创多项第一——G4218雅叶高速公路雅康段（雅安至泸定）区间试通车侧记". www.yaan.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b c "挑战世世界级高差难题 跑马山一号隧道年内贯通". www.snxw.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "了不起的奋斗者！雅康高速公路获国家级最高奖项，其震撼建设过程曝光！". www.163.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "四川又一超级工程来了 国内单体投资最大高速路——沿江高速效果图首次亮相！". people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "四川藏区将添新"天路"雅康高速公路全线建成 即将试通车运营". sichuan.scol.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "雅安至叶城国家高速公路康定过境段（甘孜州康定市至新都桥高速）". m.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "康定至新都桥段高速公路项目建设获省政府授权估算投资152亿元". www.gzz.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "习近平为西藏第一条高速公路剪彩". www.chinanews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-04.
- ^ a b "拉日高速日喀则段复工，交通项目复工序幕开启". xz.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "日喀则机场高速公路正式通车". www.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "日喀则机场公路将动工到市区只需半小时". district.ce.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "四川省交通科技项目雅安至叶城国家高速公路康定过境段项目建设关键技术研究招标公告". www.122bid.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "雅康高速公路康定连接线建成通车". gzw.sc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "G4218雅叶高速拉萨段通车试运行". www.xizang.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15.
- ^ "我国县级行政中心将15分钟上国道、30分钟上高速路、60分钟上铁路". sohu.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15.
- ^ "新疆维吾尔自治区综合交通（公路）发展战略（2018-2030）" (PDF). www.xinjiang.gov.cn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-15.