International E-road network
E-road network | |
---|---|
System information | |
Formed | 16 September 1950 |
Highway names | |
E-road | Enn, E nn or E-nn |
System links | |
The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and its roads cross national borders. It also reaches Central Asian countries like Kyrgyzstan, since they are members of the UNECE.
Main international traffic arteries in Europe are defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1 which consider three types of roads: motorways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads.
In most countries, the roads carry the International E-road designation alongside national designations. Norway and Sweden have roads which only have the E-road route designations (examples: E18 and E6). The United Kingdom, the Asian part of Russia and Central Asia only use national road designations and do not show the E-road designations at all. All route numbers in Andorra are unsigned. Denmark only uses the E-road designations on signage, but also has formal names for every motorway (or part of such), by which the motorways are referred to, for instance in news and weather forecasts. In Asia, Turkey and Russia show the E-road designations on signage; this is not the case in many other Asian countries.
Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
History
UNECE was formed in 1947, and their first major act to improve transport was a joint UN declaration no. 1264, the Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries,[1][2] signed in Geneva on 16 September 1950, which defined the first E-road network. Originally it was envisaged that the E-road network would be a motorway system comparable to the US Interstate Highway System.[3] The declaration was amended several times until 15 November 1975, when it was replaced by the European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries or "AGR",[4] which set up a route numbering system and improved standards for roads in the list. The AGR last went through a major change in 1992 and in 2001 was extended into Central Asia to include the Caucasus nations.[3] There were several minor revisions since, last in 2008 (as of 2009).
Numbering system
The route numbering system is as follows:[4]
- Reference roads and intermediate roads, called Class-A roads, have numbers from 1 to 129.
- Branch, link and connecting roads, called Class-B roads, have three-digit numbers above 130.
- Reference roads are roads numbered 5–95 ending with 0 or 5 or having odd numbers 101–129. They generally go across Europe and are usually several thousand kilometres long.
- North–south reference roads have numbers that end with the digit 5 from 5 to 95, or odd numbers from 101 to 129, increasing from west to east.
- East-west reference roads have two-digit numbers that end with the digit 0, increasing from north to south.
- Intermediate roads are roads numbered 1 to 99 that are not reference roads. They are usually considerably shorter than the reference roads. They have numbers between those of the reference roads between which they are located. Like reference roads, north–south intermediate roads have odd numbers; east–west roads have even numbers.
- Class-B roads have three-digit numbers: the first digit is that of the nearest reference road to the north, the second digit is that of the nearest reference road to the west, and the third digit is a serial number.
- North–south Class-A roads located eastwards of road E99 have three-digit odd numbers from 101 to 129. Other rules for Class-A roads above apply to these roads.
- Class-B roads located eastwards of E101 have 3-digit numbers beginning with 0, from 001 to 099.
Exceptions
In the first established and approved version, the road numbers were well ordered. Since then a number of exceptions to this principle have been allowed.
Two Class-A roads, E6 and E4 were originally scheduled to be renamed into E47 and E55, respectively. However, since Sweden and Norway have integrated the E-roads into their national networks, signposted as E6 and E4 throughout, a decision was made to keep the pre-1992 numbers for the roads in those two countries. These exceptions were granted because of the excessive expense connected with re-signing not only the long routes themselves, but also the associated road network in the area. The new numbers are, however, used from Denmark and southward, though, as do other European routes within Scandinavia. These two roads are the most conspicuous exceptions to the rule that even numbers signify west–east E-roads.
Further exceptions are:
- E67, going from Finland to the Czech Republic (wrong side of E75 and E77), assigned around year 2000, simply because it was best available number for this new route.
- Most of E63 in Finland (wrong side of E75)
- Part of E8 in Finland on the wrong side of E12 after a lengthening around 2002
- E82 (Spain and Portugal, wrong side of E80).
These irregularities exist just because it is hard to maintain good order when extending the network, and the UNECE want to avoid changing road numbers.
Because the Socialist People's Republic of Albania refused to participate in international treaties such as the AGR, it was conspicuously excluded from the route scheme, with E65 and E90 making noticeable detours to go around it. In the 1990s, Albania opened up to the rest of Europe, but only ratified the AGR in August 2006, so its integration into the E-road network remains weak.
Signage
Where the European routes are signed, green signs with white numbers are used.
There are different strategies for determining how frequently to signpost the roads.
- Sweden, Norway and Denmark have integrated the E-road numbers into their networks, meaning that the roads usually have no other national number.
- In Belgium, E-numbers are traditionally associated with highways, even though other grade E-roads pass through the country. As a result, the E-number is signposted (and referred to) only on the highway portions of the E-road network, while for non-motorways only the national number (if any) is shown. On the highway portions of the E-network, the E-numbers are the standard and thus referred to in news bulletins rather than the national number. Serbia and Italy have a similar principle.
- In most countries the E-roads form a network on top of the national network. The green signs are frequent enough to show how to follow the roads, but do not usually show how to reach them.
- In some countries, like Croatia and Bulgaria, E-roads are well signposted, but they sometimes follow older routes instead of highways.
- In some countries, like Germany, Italy and Greece, E-roads are signposted only on motorways and main road itineraries.
- In Ireland the signposting of E-roads is specified in Chapter 2 of the 2010 Traffic Signs Manual published by the Department of Transport, and specifies that E-roads are to be signed on route confirmation signs only.[5] The first E-road numbers were signed in July 2007 on the N11 bypass in Gorey. Since then they have gradually spread across the E-road network in Ireland.
- In a few European countries such as the United Kingdom,[6] Albania, and many Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, the E-roads are not signposted at all.
Road design standards
The following design standards should be applied to Euroroutes unless there are exceptional circumstances (such as mountain passes etc.):[4]
- Built-up areas shall be by-passed if they constitute a hindrance or a danger.
- The roads should preferably be motorways or express roads (unless traffic density is low so that there is no congestion on an ordinary road).
- They should be homogeneous and be designed for at least 80 km/h (50 mph) (see Design speed). The motorways should be at least 100 km/h (60 mph).
- Gradients should not exceed 8% on roads designed for 80 km/h (50 mph), decreasing to 4% on roads designed for 120 km/h (75 mph) traffic.
- The radius of curved sections of road should be a minimum of 120 m (390 ft) on roads designed for 60 km/h (35 mph) rising to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) on roads designed for 140 km/h (85 mph).
- "Stopping distance visibility" should be at least 70 m (230 ft) on roads designed for 60 km/h (35 mph), rising to 300 m (980 ft) on roads designed for 140 km/h (85 mph).
- Lane width should be at least 3.5 m (11 ft) on straight sections of road. This guarantees adequate clearance for any vehicle having a superstructure of width 2.5 m (8.2 ft) which is the maximum specified width in Directive 2002/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council which recognise some specific tolerances for some specific countries.
- The shoulder is recommended to be at least 2.5 m (8.2 ft) on ordinary roads and 3.25 m (10.7 ft) on motorways.
- Central reservations should be at least 3 m (9.8 ft) unless there is a barrier between the two carriageways.
- Overhead clearance should be not less than 4.5 m (15 ft).
- Railway intersections should be at different levels.
These requirements are meant to be followed for road construction. When new E-roads have been added these requirements have not been followed stringently. For example, the E45 in Sweden, added in 2006, has long parts with 6 m (20 ft) width or the E22 in eastern Europe forcing drivers to slow down to 30 km/h (20 mph) by taking the route through villages. In Norway, parts of the E10 are 5 m (16 ft) wide and in Central Asia even some gravel roads have been included.
Cultural significance
In Belgium, for example, motorway E-numbers have taken on the same kind of persistent cultural integration and significance as M-numbers in the UK, or Interstate numbers in the United States. Local businesses will refer to, or even incorporate the road designator in their business name. The annual road cycling race "E3 Harelbeke" takes part of its name from the former E3 (the part between Antwerp and Lille was renamed E17 in 1992). The same applies to the retail chain "E5-mode" (E5-fashion) that started with shops easily accessible from the former E5 (renamed E40 in 1992).
In Sweden, the ice hockey games between HV71 from Jönköping and Linköping HC from Linköping have come to be called "the E4-derby".[7] It's about 130 km between the cities, and they are situated in different provinces and counties, so the "derby" denomination is really far fetched, and it's often joked about that HV71's meetings with the teams from Stockholm or even as far north as Luleå would be an "E4 derby" just as much.
List of roads
Notes to the listings
In the road listings below,[4] a dash ('–') indicates a land road connection between two towns/cities—the normal case—while an ellipsis ('...') denotes a stretch across water. Not all such places are connected by ferry, and operating ferry connections are usually run by private companies without support from the respective governments, i.e. they may cease operating at any time.
A Class roads
North–South reference
West–East reference
North–South intermediate
West–East intermediate
B Class roads
Notable E-roads
- E80, together with AH1, crosses all of Europe and Asia, linking Lisbon with Tokyo.
- The longest E-road is E40, which is more than 8,500 km (5,300 mi) long, connecting France with Kazakhstan.
- The shortest E-road is E844, 22 km (14 mi), in the Italian region of Calabria
- Northernmost is E69, North Cape, Norway, 71°10' N
- Westernmost is E01, Lisbon, Portugal, 9°10' W
- Southernmost is E75, Crete, Greece, 35°6' N
- Easternmost is E127, Maykapshagay, Kazakhstan, 85°36' E
- The highest E-road is E008 which reaches 4,272 m (14,016 ft) altitude in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan.
- The highest E-road in Europe is E62 reaching 2,005 m (6,578 ft) at the Simplon Pass, Switzerland.
- The lowest E-road is E39 which reaches 262 m (860 ft) below sea level in the Bømlafjord Tunnel, Norway.
- The longest bridge on an E-road is the Crimean Bridge on E97 which is 16,900 meters (55,400 ft).
- The longest tunnel on an E-road is the Lærdal Tunnel (in Norway) on E16 which is 24,510 meters (80,410 ft), the longest road tunnel in the world. As of 2015 E16 includes 60 tunnels, covering about 15% of the road's 630 km (391 mi) within Norway.
- The E39 includes 9 ferry crossings.
- The E39 includes 90 tunnels, 6% of the road's 1,140 km (708 mi) within Norway.
Historical numbering
These were the historical roads before 1975:
Number | Start | via | End |
---|---|---|---|
E1 | London | – Southampton – Le Havre – Paris – Lyon – Nice – Ventimiglia – Genoa – La Spezia – Pisa – Livorno – Rome – Naples – Salerno – Reggio di Calabria – Messina – | Palermo |
E2 | London | – Dover – Calais – Reims – Dijon – Dole – Lausanne – Simplon – Milan – Parma – Modena – Bologna – Ancona – Foggia – Bari – | Brindisi |
E3 | Lisbon | – Salamanca – San Sebastián – Bordeaux – Paris – Lille – Gent – Antwerp – Eindhoven – Venlo – Oberhausen – Bielefeld – Hannover – Hamburg – Flensburg – Kolding – Frederikshavn – Gothenburg – Arboga – | Stockholm |
E4 | Lisbon | – Elvas – Mérida – Madrid – Zaragoza – Barcelona – Nîmes – Chambéry – Genf – Lausanne – Bern – Basel – Karlsruhe – Frankfurt (Main) – Kassel – Göttingen – Hannover – Hamburg – Lübeck – Fehmarn – Vordingborg – Copenhagen – Helsingør – Helsingborg – Jönköping – Stockholm – Uppsala – Sundsvall – Umeå – Tornio – Lahti – | Helsinki |
E5 | London | – Dover – Calais – Gent – Brussels – Liège – Cologne – Frankfurt (Main) – Würzburg – Nuremberg – Passau – Linz – Melk – Vienna – Nickelsdorf – Győr – Budapest – Szeged – Belgrade – Gevgelija – Thessaloniki – Alexandroupolis – Peplos – Ipsala – Silivri – Istanbul – İzmit – Bolu – Ankara – Aksaray – Adana – İskenderun – | Turkey/Syria border |
E6 | Rome | – Florence – Bologna – Modena – Verona – Trento – Brenner – Innsbruck – Griesen – Munich – Nuremberg – Hof – Leipzig – Berlin – Stralsund – Sassnitz – Trelleborg – Malmö – Helsingborg – Gothenburg – Svinesund – Oslo – Hamar – Otta – Trondheim – Mo i Rana – Alta | Kirkenæs |
E7 | Rome | – Perugia – Forlì – Bologna – Ferrara – Padua – Mestre – Cervignano – Udine – Villach – Bruck an der Mur – Vienna – Brno – Cesky Tesin – Krakow – | Warsaw |
E8 | London | – Harwich – Hook of Holland – The Hague – Utrecht – Osnabrück – Hannover – Magdeburg – Berlin – Poznan – Krośniewice – Warsaw – | Poland/USSR border |
E9 | Amsterdam | – Maastricht – Liège – Arlon – Luxembourg – Metz – Strasbourg – Mülhausen – Basel – Olten – Luzern – Andermatt – (Gotthard) – Lugano – Chiasso – Como – Milan – Tortona – | Genoa |
E10 | Paris | – Cambrai – Brussels – Antwerp – Rotterdam – The Hague – | Amsterdam |
E11 | Paris | – Saint-Dizier – Nancy – Strasbourg – Karlsruhe – Stuttgart – Munich – | Salzburg |
E12 | Paris | – Metz – Saarbrücken – Mannheim – Nuremberg – Pilsen – Prague – Náchod – Kłodzko – Łódź – Warsaw – Białystok – | Moscow |
E13 | Lyon | – Modena – Turin – Milan – Brescia – Verona – Padua – | Venice |
E14 | Trieste | – Ronchi – Udine – Villach – Salzburg – Linz – Tábor – Prague – Jablonec – | Szczecin |
E15 | Hamburg | – Berlin – Dresden – Zinnwald – Prague – Brno – Břeclav – Bratislava – | Budapest |
E16 | Bratislava | – Český Těšín – Katowice – Łódź – Gdańsk – | Gdynia |
E17 | Chagny | – Dijon – Basel – Zürich – Winterthur – St. Gallen – St. Margarethen – Innsbruck – Wörgl – | Salzburg |
E18 | Stavanger | – Kristiansand – Larvik – Oslo – Karlstad – Arboga – Köping – | Stockholm |
E19 | Albania/Greece border | – Ioannina – Arta – Agrinio – Antirion – Rion – | Corinth |
E20 | Koritza | – Vari – Edessa – Thessaloniki – | Sofia |
E21 | Aosta | – Turin – | Savona |
E21a | Martigny | – Grosser St. Bernhard – | Aosta |
E21b | Geneva | – Bonneville – Mont-Blanc – | Aosta |
E22 | Berlin | – Wroclaw – Opole – Bytom – Krakow – Rzeszów – Przemyśl – | Poland/USSR border |
E23 | Ankara | – Kirsehir – Kayseri – Sivas – Erzincan – Erzurum – Agri – | Turkey/Iran border |
E24 | Kömürler | – Gaziantep – Urfa – Mardin – Cizre – Hakkari – Bajerge – | Turkey/Iran border |
E25 | Burgos | – Madrid – Bailén – Sevilla – Cádiz – | Algecires |
E26 | Barcelona | – Tarragona – Castellón de la Plana – Valencia – Granada – Málaga – | Algeciras |
E31 | London | – St. Albans – Northampton – Doncaster – Scotch Corner – Carlisle – Abington – | Glasgow |
E32 | Abington | Edinburgh | |
E33 | Northampton | – Coventry – Cannock – Warrington – | Liverpool |
E34 | Amsterdam | – Cannock – Shrewsbury – Corwen – | Holyhead |
E35 | Amsterdam | – Amersfoort – Zwolle – Groningen – Winschoten – Oldenburg – | Hamburg |
E36 | Hook of Holland | – Rotterdam – Gouda – Utrecht – Arnhem – Oberhausen – | Cologne |
E37 | Breda | – Gorinchem – | Utrecht |
E38 | Breda | Eindhoven | |
E39 | Antwerp | – Heerlen – | Aachen |
E40 | Brussels | – Namur – | Bastogne |
E41 | Calais | – Valenciennes – Mons – Charleroi – Namur – | Liège |
E42 | Phalsbourg | – Sarreguemines – Saarbrücken – Luxembourg – Echternach – Bitburg – Prüm – Euskirchen – | Cologne |
E43 | Avallon | Dijon | |
E44 | Belfort | Mulhouse | |
E45 | Dole | – La Curs – La Faucille – Gex – | Geneva |
E46 | Lyon | – Amberieu – | Geneva |
E47 | Aix-en-Provence | Marseille | |
E48 | Nîmes | Marseille | |
E49 | Bordeaux | – Toulouse – | Narbonne |
E50 | Coimbra | – Porto – Vigo – A Coruña – Oviedo – Santander – Bilbao – | San Sebastián |
E51 | Albergaria a Velha | – Viseu – | Celorico da Beira |
E52 | Vila Franca de Xira | – Pegões – Beja – Vila Verde de Ficalho – Rosal de la Frontera – | Sevilla |
E53 | Turin | – Asti – Alessandria – | Tortona |
E54 | Canteggio | Piacenza | |
E55 | Pisa | – Migliarino – | Pistoia |
E56 | Ponte-Garigliano | – Caserta – | Foggia |
E57 | Naples | Arienzo | |
E58 | Bari | Tarent | |
E59 | Messina | Syracuse | |
E60 | Arth | Zürich | |
E61 | Bellinzona | – San Bernardino – Chur – St. Margrethen – Bregenz – Lindau – | Munich |
E62 | Hof | – Karl-Marx-Stadt – Leipzig – Halle – | Magdeburg |
E63 | Hamm | – Kassel – Herleshausen – Erfurt – Karl-Marx-Stadt – | Dresden |
E64 | Berlin | – Neubrandenburg – Rostock – Warnemünde – Gedser – Nykøbing – Vordingborg – | Copenhagen |
E65 | Lübeck | – Rostock – | Stralsund |
E66 | Esbjerg | – Kolding – Middelfart – Nyborg – Korsør – Copenhagen – | Malmö |
E67 | Vejle | Middelfart | |
E68 | Bergen | – Gudvangen – Laerdalsöyra – Nystua – Fagernes – | Oslo |
E69 | Ålesund | – Åndalsnes – | Dombås |
E70 | Winterthur | – Schaffhausen – Donaueschingen – Tübingen – Stuttgart – Heilbronn – Schwäbisch Hall – Würzburg – Fulda – Hersfeld – | Herleshausen |
E71 | Hannover | – Bremen – | Bremerhaven |
E72 | Oldenzaal | – Lingen – | Bremen |
E73 | Cologne | Hamm | |
E74 | Berlin | Szczecin | |
E75 | Stjördal | – Storlien – Östersund – | Sundsvall |
E77 | Feldkirch | Buchs | |
E78 | Tornio | Kilpisjärvi | |
E79 | Vaasa | – Tampere – | Helsinki |
E80 | Turku | – Helsinki – Lappeenranta – | Imatra |
E81 | Gdańsk | – Elbląg – Ostróda – Mława – Warsaw – Lublin – | Poland/USSR border |
E82 | Piotrkow | Warsaw | |
E83 | Jelenia Gora | – Wrocław – Poznań – Świecie – | Grudziądz |
E84 | Prague | – Jihlava – Znojmo – | Vienna |
E85 | Olomouc | – Žilina – Prešov – Košice – | Romania/Bulgaria border |
E86 | Wörgl | Rosenheim | |
E87 | Ioannina | – Trikkala – Larissa – | Volos |
E88 | Ioannina | Preveza | |
E89 | Rion | Patras | |
E90 | Vevi | Kozani | |
E91 | Cervignano | Ronchi | |
E92 | Thessaloniki | – Aghios Athanasios – Verria – Kozani – Larissa – Lamia – Athens – Corinth – Argos – | Kalamai |
E93 | Bruck an der Mur | – Graz – Spielfeld – Sentilj – Maribor – | Ljubljana |
E94 | Klagenfurt | – Loibltunnel – Ljubljana – Zagreb – Belgrad – Bela Crkva – | Yugoslavia/Romania border |
E95 | Nis | – Dimitrovgrad – | Yugoslavia/Bulgaria border |
E96 | Rijeka | – Zagreb – Čakovec – Donja Lendava – | Yugoslavia/Hungary border |
E97 | Bulgaria/Turkey border | – Edirne – Büyükkarıştıran – | Silivri |
E98 | Kemerhisar | – Niğde – | Kayseri |
E99 | Toprakkale | – Kahramanmaraş – Malatya – Elazığ – Tunceli – | Selepür |
E101 | Madrid | Valencia | |
E102 | Mérida | Link with E52 | |
E103 | Bailén | – Granada – Motril – | Málaga |
See also
- European long-distance paths – List of long distance hiking paths
- EuroVelo – European cycling network
- Pan-European corridors – EU road, rail and waterway investment priority areas
- Road transport – Collective term for all forms of transport which takes place on roads
- National Road network (Netherlands) a former system devised to complement the E-road network at a national level:
- Other intercontinental highway systems:
- Asian Highway Network – International road network connecting Asia and parts of Europe
- Arab Mashreq International Road Network – International road network in the Arab World
- Interstate Highway System – Network of freeways in the United States
- Trans-African Highway network – Transcontinental roads project in Africa
- United States Numbered Highway System – Highway system of the United States of America
Notes
References
- ^ "Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries, signed at Geneva" (PDF). United Nations - Treaty Series. 16 September 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ "Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries, signed at Geneva" (PDF). United Nations - Treaty Series. 16 September 1950. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ a b "E-Roads". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d "European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 14 March 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ "2. Directional Information Signs" (PDF). Traffic Signs Manual 2010. Ireland: Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport. November 2010. §§2.3.34–36, 2.4.108, 2.4.116, 2.5.87. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-14. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 3113: The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002". HMSO. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ https://www.svt.se/sport/ishockey/linkoping-vann-e4-derby
External links
- Geographic data related to International E-road network at OpenStreetMap
- European roads and cities map built on OpenStreetMap's data
- EU Transport Networks home page
- Introduction to EU European routes, with links at the Wayback Machine (archived January 9, 2008)
- UNECE document ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/03/Rev1 "European Agrement [sic] On Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR)"; 1 November 2016 (PDF file, official E route list starting at p. 9)
- Map of E-road network - UNECE document (2007)
- Routes in Benelux as well as E routes in Europe
- Trans-Global Highway and the Eur-Africa Friendship Tunnel